The annual output of fly ash reaches 100 million tons but only 45 % of which has been utilized comprehensively [9] [10] Up to now studies have illustrated that the addition of fly ash in CTB has the potential to reduce the amount of cement [11] [12] Adding appropriate amount of fly ash can not only improve CTB strength but also reduce the fractal dimension
Coal fly ash has also become the most productive solid waste A small amount of fly ash is reused Coal fly ash can be used as an additive in building materials to enhance the performance of building materials [3] A large amount of fly ash is piled up or landfill treatment occupying land resources and water resources [4] The low utilization rate is due to different
Fig 8 lists the research results of some scholars on the influence of fly ash on the mechanical properties of backfill Qiao et al [44] explored the influence of fly ash content change on the mechanical properties of backfill The results show that when the fly ash content is 10 % 20 % the compressive strength of the backfill increases
In this study the feasibility of replacing 50 % of cement with fly ash to reduce cement consumption was investigated Sodium sulfate was used as an activator to enhance early strength and mitigate the risk of reduced early strength due to the high replacement ratio leading to a cost effective and eco friendly strategy
A dense and homogeneous microstructure often related to geopolymer with excellent mechanical properties [53] Class F fly ash typically exhibits spherical morphology [29] However SEM images of fly ash revealed spheres of varying sizes and crushed angular particles as shown in Fig 10 a
Fly ash is the fine residue generated by the combustion of ground or powdered coal and is transported through flue gasses Global fly ash production is estimated to be 400 500 million tons per year and the utilization rate in cement and concrete components is about 30% [4 5] The total amount of coal ash generated by Japan s electric power
This present study mainly focuses on the influence of low calcium circulating fluidized bed fly ash LCFA on the mechanical property and microstructure of cement based materials under different curing conditions The mechanical properties test was conducted by changing variable parameters such as LCFA content the internal mixing ratio of LCFA and fly
Zhang et al [31] studied the influence of the volume of fly ash on the mechanical property of ECC and conducted sorptivity tests and rapid chloride penetration tests RCPT to investigate the self healing behavior Test result suggested that ECC mixture with fly ash/cement ratios of by weight exhibited the best self healing behavior
All culture components and equipment involved in bacterial cultivation were sterilized at 121 °C for 15 min except for sterilization of urea filtrated with a μm microporous filter membrane To explore whether the addition of MICP can improve the mechanical properties of fly ash based mortar with low cement content and whether the
Being a widely used building material in marine structure concrete is susceptible to freeze thaw F T damage in high latitude marine conditions which can easily affect the safety and the lifetime of marine infrastructures This paper investigates the mechanical properties and frost durability of polyvinyl alcohol PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer composites PFRGC
High calcium fly ash was used as the primary binder in this investigation The chemical components of the high calcium fly ash used were detected by X Ray fluorescence XRF and presented in Table 1 The fly ash was acquired from the Manjung Power Plant in Perak Malaysia as a source of aluminosilicate materials for the production of one part
The rationale for using planetary ball mill for mechanical activation of fly ash is that up to date there have been no published data dealing with the synthesis of geopolymer based on FA mechanically activated in planetary ball mill although it is rather accepted technique for valorization of this material [31] [32] [36] [44] [45] and has
Incorporating high volumes of fly ash FA in filling materials reduces costs and carbon emissions but low early strength limits its use This study investigates the effects of sodium sulfate decahydrate Na2SO4·10H2O and calcium hydroxide Ca OH 2 as activators at concentrations of % % % and % on the mechanical properties and
Fly ash FA a type of industrial waste collected from coal combustion in thermal power plants can be used as an active admixture to replace part of the cement in concrete [1 2 3] This substitution can reduce the amount of concrete cement improve the workability and construction efficiency [] save energy [] and enhance both the mechanical
Thus in the case of fly ash there are three options of mechanical activation of its grains [12] 1 mechanical dispersion reduction in the grains diameter and increase in their specific surface
Relative changes of fracture toughness over time Study B Arul Arulrajah et al have investigated the influence of class F fly ash and curing temperature on strength development of FA recycled
Cenospheres are low density and hollow microspheres derived from coal fired power plant fly ash waste This study aims to prepare ultra light weight <1000 kg/m 3 wet density concrete using fly ash cenospheres FAC To begin with FAC s shell thickness and the water absorption and desorption were characterized
In this study the feasibility of replacing 50 % of cement with fly ash to reduce cement consumption was investigated Sodium sulfate was used as an activator to enhance early strength and mitigate the risk of reduced early strength due to the high replacement ratio leading to a cost effective and eco friendly strategy
Firstly coal gangue fly ash and cement are weighed in a 5 2 1 mass ratio and the three test materials are put into a blender to be fully stirred and evenly mixed and then water is added to stir The equipment can be used for the mechanical test of rock mass coal concrete backfill and other materials It is a set of multifunctional
Kumar S Kumar R 2011 Mechanical activation of fly ash effect on reaction structure and properties of resulting geopolymer Ceram Int 37 533 541 Article CAS Google Scholar Kumar R Kumar S Mehrotra SP 2007 Towards sustainable solutions for fly ash through mechanical activation Resour Conserv Recy 52 157 179
