It is found that using seawater as mixing water in red mud based binding materials can promote the strength development comparing to using freshwater The optimal ratio of red mud blast furnace slag cement desulfurized gypsum fly ash and externally polycarboxylate superplasticizer is 30% 19% 40% 6% 5% and % respectively
Red mud is a hazardous waste generated from alumina production and its safe disposal is a worldwide issue Although some previous studies have reused red mud in cement based composites there is still a lack of research on the nano scale chemomechanical properties of red mud binders In this paper atomic force microscopy with innovative QI
Red mud is disposed as dry or semidry material in red mud pond or abandoned bauxite mines and as slurry having a high solid concentration of 30 to 60% and with high ionic strength The environmental concern related to two aspects very large quantity of red mud generated and causticity Problems associated with the disposal of red mud waste
Fe 2 O 3 in the red mud reacts with CaO to form Ca 2 Fe 2 O 5 in the 1st cycle and Ca 2 Fe 2 O 5 is stable during 20 cycles which is beneficial for the generation of oxygen vacancy The oxidation states of Fe species in the material increase with the number of SESGB cycles thus the catalytic effects on water gas shift reaction and tar
The red mud RM ESPD used in this research was obtained by water alkali leaching of the electrostatic precipitator dust ESP dust formed during the bauxite sintering process The ESP dust was obtained from the RUSAL Kamensk Uralsky alumina refinery GPS coordinates Kamensk Uralsky Russia where low grade bauxite is
8 The sodium oxide contained in red mud reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide which is treated as pollutant of soil and water because of its high alkalinity 9 In general the production of
Download the Nature Podcast 24 January 2024 In this episode 0 46 Turning a toxic by product into iron Red mud is a toxic by product of aluminium manufacture and millions of tonnes of it are
The original red mud was dried at 105 °C in a blast drying oven and then put into the test mill and grinded for 15 min The ground red mud was added to 9 wt%−12 wt% water and pressed into test cakes with a diameter of 20 cm and a height of 1 2 cm then calcined in a muffle furnace according to a set firing regime
The dissolved CO 2 reacts with the water molecules to form carbonic acid In wet conditions consistently providing water to red mud disposal areas can be critical to accelerate weathering Water serves as a medium for CO 2 absorption and aids in the dissolution of minerals thus facilitating CO 2 sequestration Maryol and Lin 2015
Fe 2 O 3 in the red mud reacts with CaO to form Ca 2 Fe 2 O 5 in the 1st cycle and Ca 2 Fe 2 O 5 is stable during 20 cycles which is beneficial for the generation of oxygen vacancy The oxidation states of Fe species in the material increase with the number of SESGB cycles thus the catalytic effects on water gas shift reaction and tar reduction are promoted
Red mud RM is an alkaline solid waste generated during alumina production in the aluminum industry producing approximately 1 2 tons of RM for every ton of alumina During the early stages CaO reacts with water to form Ca OH 2 which provides strength fills pores and participates in subsequent reactions As the reaction progresses
The red mud suspension rapidly reacts with CO 2 in the form of carbonic acid and neutralizes the excess base in the form of NaOH Na 2 CO 3 Al OH 4 Coruh S Immobilization of copper flotation water using red mud and clinoptilolite Waste Manag Res 26 5 409 418 2008
in the red mud reacts with barium to form the relatively inert dibarium silicate The sodium which is in the red mud or added via soda ash or sodium carbonate reacts with the
Cement based solidification technology is an ideal solution to convert undesirable marine dredged clay MDC to qualified filling materials Industrial by products fly ash are commonly added as partial replacement of cement aiming to reduce carbon emissions and relieve severe stockpiles of industrial wastes Red mud RM and
The alkali in red mud is mainly residual NaOH and NaOH reacts with CO 2 in the air to form Na 2 CO 3 during the stockpiling process The addition of red mud can improve water resistance of MOS cement during the study period 3 Phase and microscopic analysis XRD SEM EDS showed that the addition of appropriate red mud can reduce the
Red mud is a good binder material [6] and the use of red mud in cement matrices is attractive Many studies were conducted on the utilisation of red mud in concrete and cement based materials For example Ribeiro et al [7] investigated the influence of the addition of red mud on the characteristics of cement mortars in terms of setting time pozzolanic activity
Red mud is the industrial waste produced in the production of alumina About tons of red mud will be produced for each ton of alumina produced in the alumina industry Nie et al 2019 As of 2017 the global total discharge of red mud is about 4 billion tons and the discharge is still increasing year by year Kumar and Kumar 2013; Khairul et al 2019
The water binder ratio W/B of all specimens was set at The specimen preparation process includes adding cement red mud and water into the mixing bucket in turn stirring them evenly and then thoroughly blending with the freshly prepared foam The CO 2 is converted into CO 3 2 and reacts with free Ca 2 within the matrix resulting
Red mud RM is a waste substance that is highly alkaline and is produced during the manufacturing of alumina It has a complex physical composition fine particle size high concentration of heavy metals and high alkalinity Hind et al 1999; Khairul et al 2019 China is the largest alumina producer with a total production exceeding 100 million tons in 2020 and
Alumina industries produce Red mud as a residue in the refinery process discharging millions of tonnes annually This large discharge creates damage to the surrounding water air bodies
